Dried Fruit Sales

Canopy management for good quality fruits

Canopy management for good quality Fruits.

 By Ghulam Mohyuddin Wani

Introduction.

 Canopy management of fruit tress and other crops relates to use light interception from sunlight and its distribution such that both quality and yield of fruits is improved. For tropics and semi-tropics excessive sunshine is available. For temperate fruits it has to be curiously managed. This is what we understand for canopy management for higher yields and improvement of the fruits .The topic has been discussed at Central Institute of Horticultural (CITH), Srinagar. This is the presentation of the author as Chief Guest on Valedictory function of the training programme.

This is placed here for the awareness of all farmers and orchardists. Light interception and distribution regulation improves fruit quality and quantity. For better light interception we need to design our orchards as per expert guidance and layout plan. Farmers can use the department of Horticulture experts, university experts of Skuast or CITH .IN Kashmir valley districts or ask any KVK of the nearby districts to help you. Their help is free. We have many approaches available for canopy management for example, Open or closed Canopies. Open canopies are well exposed to sunlight. Here the intension is to attract maximum sunshine by the spur leaves. This helps during early flowering and fruit set. Open canopies are preferred during early 4-6 weeks after bloom.Continous sunshine is needed for vigorous and productive spur. Canopy management aims at. It aims at more distributes sunlight to convert light energy into chemical energy of the plant. This means we have to have leaves to intercept light .More than 30 years research in the world has given us a high density fruit crop system, which through both dormancy and summer pruning manages thru light interception for the good of the crop. Here we may say that certain physiological principles are to be intermingled and managed. For better understanding of how the trees use light energy for more Dry matter Gains .Let us first know what is meant by this DM gain and how it is calculated. Sour lock et al 1985 formula The formula is as DM = (RAD X % INT X PH) - RESP Where DM = Dry Matter RAD=Active radiation to initiate photosynthesis. Normally only 50% of solar light radiations are active radiations taped by plants. Hardly 37-75% of this active radiation is actually used by the plants. Depending upon the sun exposure periods in any given climate. % INT =Percentage of light intercepted by leaves of the crop or plant. This is never more than 40% of the solar light avail is. PH = Photosynthetic index or conversion capacity of the plant to convert light energy to chemical energy and the actual biomass production ratio. RESP=Respiratory carbon loss. It is estimated at 15 % usually. What are the light interception ways? There are some ways to increase the light interception. 1. Increased tree density, provides more leaf area than the available land area and thus better light interception. Leaf area development, photosynthsis and respiration are important factors involved. Its limitations are Frost, Drought, nutritional deficiencies, disease incidence, etc. 2. Reduced row distances, increased height north to south planting rows help better light interception. What should we stress is canopy management. What are its aims? It aims at maximal interception of light. The orchard lay out and land preparations differ in different countries and climate. Irrespective of the crop or plant it was 9x9, 10x10 or 12x12 systems accommodating 70-100 plants per hectare. More refined layouts of 6x8 meters or 7x3 meters allowed some 200-500 plants per hectare, but the high density canopy system provides a roam for about 1500 plants hector. Thus the recently researched high density system allows more more and is more economic to manage and need less irrigation. It has low gestation periods and even frets bear fruits within 18 months as compared to 5-6 yrs in other systems (apple). Dwarfing root sticks. For high density plantations we need dwarf root stock banks and thus intensive research and development farm nurseries to cope the demand. The other factors needing attention are manageable growth habits of the cultivars, disease resistance and their adaptability to the local agro climatic zone. Best apple sale Now the internal market emphases better quality at lower price thus we need to manage orchard canopies to our advantage. It needs apple based food reciepies.The climatic pressure also needs a carbon dioxide emission factor regulation. Thus carbon sinks are preferred and perhaps dwarf root stocks and high density plants may be an option. Management We need fertilizer use to be abandoned or replaced with organic farm or green manures. The need based requirements on soil analysis, leaf analysis, marketing and new germplasm have excelled Chinese apple in the world. China has captured 1/3rd of the world apple market threatening American and Canadian APPLE Industry. Double hedge rows or garden or home garden hedge row apple orchards may be a new preposition for Kashmir apple industry. Increased tree canopy increases total photosynthetic yield. One point which I feel is important to evaluate is that sunlight falling on leaves instead on the ground or land below canopy is more usefull.Thus one can understand the amount of cool on the skies even when sun is shining. It is the intercession or interception perhaps which matters and not the amount of the sunshine. The better canopy management is conducive for flowering, fruit set, carbohydrate flow to fruits, increased xylem drive of solutes, fruit firmness, colour and thereby quality. Pruning and canopy. Pruning of tree has to be kept in mind to allow maximum light interception and is important for shape. Size of the fruit. The leaf arrangement, photosythsishas to be kept in mind. The soil fertility and plant density has to correlate and coincide with one another. The total crop performance factor depends on Dry Matter (DM) yield and shift of this DM towards fruits. The calculation formula has been described in preceding paras.Thus apple canopy management has to managed keeping in view pruning needs,thining,spraying,environmental variants like temperature.,humidity,soil moisture status, soil fertility ,soil inputs, light, carbon dioxide release water and nutrient availability. Summer pruning Mid July-August pruning of excessive growth may help to have good quality apple. We need 30-50 cms new growth for apple tress under dense plantation programmes. Excessive new growth may lead to nutritional imbalances due to excessive production of nitrogen. Thus summer pruning of excessive growth is necessary. Many varieties and cultivars thrive better under summer pruning like McIntosh and Gala varieties of apple. This summer pruning helps in water conservation; calicium retension.However excessive summer pruning is not desirable.Mid July-August apple pruning may help as by then the tree has lost the shape conformed at dormancy or autumn /winter pruning. Here in summer pruning we must know that shoots and bearing spurs as bourse buds are desireable.Have we trained summer prunes? PERHAPS NO .We needs organizations that deals with orchard management well spread like our electric repair or pesiticide, fertilizer sale shop. Perhaps public institute may care for training and watch dog checks. Our needs and requirements 1. Early fruit bearing varieties yielding more per hectare. 2. Short gestational lengths of 1.5 years with full bearing capacity at 3-4 years age for at least 15-20 years. 3. We need more research cultivar wise on tree density, tree size and tree shape. 4. Yield and economic comparisons of Low density verves high density apple orchards under different management systems. 5. Overcrowding effects on nutritive quality and disease. 6. Dwarf roots stacks and problems in apple and pear. Use of growth retardants like pactobutrazole uses and density maintenance goals of 1500 plants per hectare. 7. Summer pruning and general pruning new modules like Cordon system, Spindle, Axe and Tatura trellis models. 8. Canopy management system management research, it is desirable to transmit more light for the fruits.

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